Investigation of the Effect of Agarose Gel Concentration and Culture Period on Bio and Mechanical Properties of Chondrocyte Tissue Engineering

Authors

  • Akram Jawad University of Babylon; Queen Mary University of London

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.4.767-774

Keywords:

Chondrocyte, Tissue Engineering, Agarose, Biomaterials, Glycosaminoglycan

Abstract

As a gel scaffold for chondrocyte tissue engineering, agarose concentration plays a significant role in the relationship between porosity and nutrition. In this work, the effect of concentration and period cultured on Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and mechanical properties have been studied. A bovine chondrocytes have been isolated and seeded in different agarose gel scoffed concentrations, about 4% and 6%, for different period cultured, 0 and 7 days. The MTS machine and Spectrophotometric with calibration curve method were used to measure mechanical properties, and GAG concentration of the prepared samples, respectively. The results of mechanical tests and GAG contents shown that there are a wide range of dispersion in the most of the samples, which attribute to different factors. For mechanical properties, these factors could be attributed to anisotropic of the produced chondrocyte with agarose scaffolds, insufficient cells' dispersion within the gel scaffold during seeding and cultured time, and some test procedure condition, such as EBSS hydration. While for GAG results, those factors could be the differences of the cell growth environment between in-vitro and in vivo media. 

References

L. Kock, C. van Donkelaar, K. Ito, Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status, Cell and tissue research 347(3), 613-627 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-011-1243-1.

I. El-Sherbiny, M. Yacoub, Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering: Progress and challenges, Global Cardiology Science and Practice 1(3), 38 (2013); https://doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2013.38.

M. Farokhi, F. Jonidi Shariatzadeh, A. Solouk, H. Mirzadeh, Alginate based scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: a review, International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 69(4), 230-47 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2018.1562924.

P. Abdollahiyan, F. Oroojalian, A. Mokhtarzadeh, M. de la Guardia, Hydrogel‐Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering, Biotechnology journal 15(12), 2000095 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.202000095.

M. Salati,. J. Khazai, A. Tahmuri, A. Samadi,.A. Taghizadeh, M. Taghizadeh, P. Zarrintaj, J. Ramsey, S. Habibzadeh, F. Seidi, M. Saeb, Agarose-based biomaterials: opportunities and challenges in cartilage tissue engineering, Polymers 12(5), 1150 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051150.

M. Huber, S. Trattnig, F. Lintner, Anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology of articular cartilage, Investigative radiology 35(10), 573-80 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1097/00004424-200010000-00003.

D. Lee, D. Bader, Compressive strains at physiological frequencies influence the metabolism of chondrocytes seeded in agarose, Journal of orthopaedic research 15(2), 181-8 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100150205.

J. Buckwalter, H. Mankin, Articular cartilage: tissue design and chondrocyte-matrix interactions, Instructional course lectures 47, 477-86 (1998).

J. Narayanan, J. Xiong, X. Liu, Determination of agarose gel pore size: Absorbance measurements vis a vis other techniques, InJournal of Physics: Conference Series 28(1), 017 2006; https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/28/1/017.

G. Kazi, K. Rahman, M. Farahat, T. Matsumoto, Fabrication of single gel with different mechanical stiffness using three‐dimensional mold, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 107(1), 6-11 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36455.

H. Tabani, S. Asadi, S. Nojavan, M. Parsa, Introduction of agarose gel as a green membrane in electromembrane extraction: an efficient procedure for the extraction of basic drugs with a wide range of polarities, Journal of Chromatography A 1497, 47-55, (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.075. Epub 2017 Mar 29.

S. Lien, L. Ko, T. Huang, Effect of pore size on ECM secretion and cell growth in gelatin scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering, Acta biomaterialia, 5(2):670-9 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.020.

T. Chowdhury, D. Bader, J. Shelton, D. Lee, Temporal regulation of chondrocyte metabolism in agarose constructs subjected to dynamic compression, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 417(1), 105-11, (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00340-0.

E. Darling, K. Athanasiou, Articular cartilage bioreactors and bioprocesses, Tissue engineering 9(1), 9-26 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1089/107632703762687492.

Y. Kim, R. Sah, A. Grodzinsky, A. Plaas, J. Sandy, Mechanical regulation of cartilage biosynthetic behavior: physical stimuli, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 311(1), 1-2 (1994); https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1994.1201.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-30

How to Cite

Jawad, A. (2021). Investigation of the Effect of Agarose Gel Concentration and Culture Period on Bio and Mechanical Properties of Chondrocyte Tissue Engineering. Physics and Chemistry of Solid State, 22(4), 767–774. https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.4.767-774

Issue

Section

Scientific articles (Technology)